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Aquatic predation
Aquatic predation presents a special difficulty as compared to predation on land, because the density of water is about the same as that of the prey, so that the prey tends to be pushed away. This problem was first identified by R.N. Alexander.〔Alexander, R. N. 1967. Functional design in fishes. London, UK: Hutchinson University Library.〕 As a result, underwater predators, especially bony fish, have evolved a number of specialized feeding mechanisms, such as filter feeding, ram feeding, suction feeding, protrusion, and pivot feeding.
Most underwater predators combine more than one of these basic principles. For example a typical generalized predator, such as the cod, combines suction with some amount of protrusion and pivot feeding.
== Suction feeding ==
Suction feeding is a method of ingesting a prey item in fluids by sucking the prey into the predator's mouth. This is typically accomplished by the predator expanding the volume of its oral cavity and/or throat, resulting in a pressure difference between the inside of the mouth and the outside environment. When the mouth is opened, the pressure difference causes water to flow into the predator's mouth, carrying the prey item in with the fluid flow. Bony fish have evolved ingenious mechanisms, so-called mechanical linkages for rapid and forceful expansion of the buccal cavity.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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